[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_column_text]We also assist other DEP and state agencies’ programs in reviewing compliance, including:<\/p>\n
- \n
- New Jersey DEP’s Division of Land Resource Protection program<\/li>\n
- Green Acres program<\/li>\n
- Office of Permitting and Project Navigation<\/li>\n
- The Municipal Finance and Construction program<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″ css=”.vc_custom_1713277117842{margin-bottom: 32px !important;}”][info-box-shortcode icon=”fas fa-project-diagram” title=”Project Review” buttonlink=”https:\/\/deptest.nj.gov\/hpo\/programs\/review\/”]Read more about HPO’s involvement in regulatory review processes.[\/info-box-shortcode][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]As part of these review processes, we may recommend conducting phased archaeological investigations. In some cases, other programs’ cultural resource staff may take the lead in reviews.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Goals of a Phase I survey<\/h2>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Identifying potential resources<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Phase I uses background research, then fieldwork to identify potentially important archaeological resources. It works within the archaeological Area of Potential Effect<\/dfn> (APE), or limits of proposed ground disturbance for the project site or study area. Based on this,<\/p>\n
- \n
- Does the survey area contain archaeological resources?<\/li>\n
- If so, could these resources potentially yield important information?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
This typically involves consulting<\/p>\n
- \n
- Current historic contexts in history or prehistory.<\/li>\n
- Relevant National Park Service bulletins on specific archaeological themes.<\/li>\n
- Current and appropriate archaeological predictive models for New Jersey’s physiographic regions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Developing a location model<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=””]Researchers then develop an appropriate sensitivity location model. This subdivides the APE into four categories:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Three zones of high, medium, and low potential for site occurrence<\/li>\n
- Excluded\/heavily disturbed areas (with rationale and justification)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Confirmation through fieldwork<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]The location model categories form the basis for designing a field component, including:<\/p>\n
- \n
- A site visit<\/li>\n
- Background research<\/li>\n
- Field testing<\/li>\n
- Analysis<\/li>\n
- Technical reporting<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Some resource types require specialized forms of testing. The testing methodology may need to expand to include additional studies, such as:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Metal detecting for military sites<\/li>\n
- Geomorphology for riverine settings<\/li>\n
- Geotechnical boring and\/or backhoe trenching in urban areas<\/li>\n
- Remote sensing geophysical surveys for cemeteries<\/li>\n
- Drone documentation for maritime resources in open water or Native American spiritual sites in steep terrain.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Phase IA and IB methodologies<\/h2>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Phase I contains two parts with different methodologies, Phase IA and Phase IB. At the end of the study, surveyors can combine these in a single Phase I survey report.[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Phase IA<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Purpose<\/h4>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]Assess project site sensitivity for the presence of archaeological resources.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Components<\/h4>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
- \n
- Research background documentation for the area.<\/li>\n
- Walkover surface (reconnaissance) survey.<\/li>\n
- Write a report indicating \u2026\n
- \n
- The results of the survey.<\/li>\n
- Assessment of the project site into areas of low, moderate and high archaeological sensitivity.<\/li>\n
- Recommendations for further research and archaeological testing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Phase IB<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Purpose<\/h4>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=””]Determine archaeological resources’ presence or absence within the project or study area.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Components<\/h4>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=””]Phase IA archaeological survey elements, plus:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Conduct subsurface testing at regular intervals along evenly spaced transects. In Phase I, this usually takes the form of shovel test pits (STPs).<\/li>\n
- Write a report indicating \u2026\n
- \n
- The results of the survey.<\/li>\n
- Recommendations for further research and archaeological testing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Phase I vs. Archaeological Monitoring<\/h2>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=””]Archaeological monitoring is not a substitute for Phase I identification survey. Instead, a project employs archaeological monitoring after completing all phases of archaeological investigation. As needed, this monitoring ensures \u2026<\/p>\n
- \n
- Unanticipated contributing resources receive treatment.<\/li>\n
- The study area is inaccessible until construction activities begin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section][vc_section][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Archaeological sensitivity<\/h2>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Precontact sensitivity factors<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=””]Identifying pre-Contact period resources within a project site requires development of \u2026<\/p>\n
- \n
- A site location probability predictive model that synthesizes current archaeological models for New Jersey.<\/li>\n
- An assessment of known pre-Contact period archaeological sites on file at:\n
- \n
- \n
- \n
- The New Jersey State Museum<\/li>\n
- The New Jersey Pinelands Commission (if applicable)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
- Current regionally specific pre-Contact period historic context.<\/li>\n
- Environmental factors.<\/li>\n
- Geology.<\/li>\n
- Geography.<\/li>\n
- Geomorphology.<\/li>\n
- Remnant glacial features.<\/li>\n
- Previous land use history encapsulating landforms.<\/li>\n
- Coastal marine transgression events.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Analysis should account for environmental changes that may mask likely archaeological site settings. Settings that may contain deeply buried archaeological deposits are of particular importance.\u00a0The model’s justification and level of detail depends on existing data and interpretations. The investigator’s expertise can introduce additional factors for identifying likely site locations.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row gap=”35″ equal_height=”yes”][vc_column width=”2\/3″][vc_single_image image=”9359″ img_size=”large” add_caption=”yes”][vc_column_text css=””]Specific environmental and topographic features suggestive of high pre-Contact period archaeological sensitivity include:[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Soil drainage types<\/h5>\n
- \n
- Moderately drained<\/li>\n
- Well drained<\/li>\n
- Excessively drained<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Water resources<\/h5>\n
These include:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Rivers<\/li>\n
- Streams<\/li>\n
- Springs<\/li>\n
- Lakes<\/li>\n
- Wetlands<\/li>\n
- Cedar swamps.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Points of interest for precontact sensitivity include:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Main trunks of rivers<\/li>\n
- Stream confluences<\/li>\n
- Relic stream courses<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Estuary\/bay<\/h5>\n
These include:<\/p>\n
- \n
- salt meadow “islands”<\/li>\n
- fast ground fronting meadows<\/li>\n
- shell mounds<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Consider how rise in sea level has affected these areas.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Upland features<\/h5>\n
- \n
- Upland drainage crossovers<\/li>\n
- Hill gaps<\/li>\n
- Rock shelters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Lithic raw materials<\/h5>\n
- \n
- Outcrops<\/li>\n
- Cobble sources<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Seasonal food sources<\/h5>\n
- \n
- Growing and harvest seasons for plant populations<\/li>\n
- Breeding and migration patterns for animal populations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”1\/3″][vc_row_inner css=”.vc_custom_1676993548471{margin-bottom: 32px !important;}”][vc_column_inner el_class=”hpo-callout-box-paleblue”][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Resource sensitivity pyramid<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text el_class=”hpo-callout-text”]Areas of rich, diverse resources overlap.[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=””]<\/p>\n
![\"Resource](\"https:\/\/deptest.nj.gov\/hpo\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/29\/charts\/archaeology\/resource-sensitivity-pyramid.svg\")
Sensitivity distance from a water body is related to the size of a stream.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n [\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Historic sensitivity<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text css=””]Historic period archaeological sensitivity is tied to<\/p>\n
- \n
- Mapped structures visible on historic maps<\/li>\n
- Historic roadway alignments<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Typically, high zones of sensitivity are within 300 feet of either type of structure. However, tenant farmsteads or enslaved dwellings may be farther away.<\/p>\n
Early colonists tended to settle in similar areas to pre-Contact occupants. Apply the same environmental sensitivity factors used for pre-Contact sensitivity. Likewise, do not assume an absence of structures because they are not on historic maps. It is not uncommon to find a historic period site that was never documented. Include enough background research to identify all possible resource types in the area.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_single_image image=”7147″ img_size=”large” add_caption=”yes”][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Historic sites<\/h4>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=””]The identification survey shall document indicators of historic site formation and preservation. The report shall use photographs and maps at reasonable scale to capture aboveground<\/p>\n
- \n
- Structures<\/li>\n
- Features<\/li>\n
- Ruins<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
It shall also document less obvious indicators of buried historic sites, including:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Surface or near surface artifact concentrations<\/li>\n
- Topographic anomalies<\/li>\n
- Liner wall features<\/li>\n
- Property lines<\/li>\n
- Non-native vegetational clusters. These may represent the locations of buried foundation remains, wells and privies.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Urban environments<\/h4>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=””]STPs may not be able to penetrate the upper capping fill in built environments. Therefore, subsurface identification may require machine-assisted backhoe trenches. Trenching can reveal intact cultural horizons and\/or archaeological deposits beneath fill layers. The presence or absence survey shall evaluate:<\/p>\n
- \n
- The entire non-building portion(s) of the project site, including paved areas.<\/li>\n
- The depth of the buried deposits to the depth of proposed disturbance, following OSHA standards.<\/li>\n
- The anticipated and\/or documented locations for\n
- \n
- Former structures.<\/li>\n
- Living surfaces\/middens.<\/li>\n
- Buried landforms sensitive for pre-Contact period occupation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
If available, consult geotechnical soil boring logs to understand landform(s) encapsulated beneath the built environment.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/2″][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Submerged and Maritime<\/h4>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text]The identification survey shall document the presence or absence of maritime architecture or features such as:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Aids to navigation<\/li>\n
- Pilings<\/li>\n
- Docks<\/li>\n
- Wharves<\/li>\n
- Timber and stone bulkheads<\/li>\n
- Warehouses<\/li>\n
- Marine railways<\/li>\n
- Shipyards within the project site<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
These structures and features help<\/p>\n
- \n
- Develop the proper historical context<\/li>\n
- Aid in resource boundary delineation<\/li>\n
- Guide the identification study for contributing submerged and\/or near shore archaeological resources<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Offshore and\/or projects crossing major rivers or waterbodies may require underwater identification level surveys, including:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Minimum 75-foot spaced survey track lines (depth-dependent) employing remote sensing equipment including magnetometer<\/li>\n
- Sub-bottom profiler<\/li>\n
- Side-scan sonar and recording fathometer surveys conducted by maritime archaeological professionals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][\/vc_section][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Guidelines for Phase I archaeological investigations<\/h2>\n
[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n
Designating potential<\/h3>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=””]The site location model should designate different portions of the APE to one of the following four categories:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Excluded from field survey consideration<\/li>\n
- High potential for the presence of archaeological sites<\/li>\n
- Medium potential<\/li>\n
- Low potential<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
- \n