)<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1732301193823{border-bottom-width: 4px !important;border-bottom-style: solid !important;border-color: #5b9bd5 !important;}”]<\/p>\nAmphidinium carterae<\/i><\/h4>\n
[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”2\/3″][vc_gallery type=”image_grid” images=”3106,3107,3108,3109″ css=””][vc_video link=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/kt6t262kQXA” align=”center” css=””][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_column_text css=””]Morphology<\/strong><\/p>\nCells about 11-24 \u00b5m long and 6-17 \u00b5m wide. <\/span>Epicone (anterior portion of the cell) smaller than the hypocone (posterior portion). Cell dorso-ventrally flattened, oval in ventral view. Epicone asymmetric and pointed toward the left side. Hypocone elliptical with a<\/span> slight convex right margin, a mostly straight left margin, and a smoothly rounded antapex. <\/span>The cingulum is V-shaped and higher on the dorsal side.<\/span><\/p>\n
\nToxins and toxicity<\/strong><\/p>\nThe species can form HABs and is considered toxic. This species can produce a variety of polyketides that have hemolytic, cytotoxic, and fish mortality properties. In lab bioassays, the produced hemolytic compounds were found to be toxic to both mice and fish. <\/span><\/p>\n
\nEcology<\/strong><\/p>\nThe species is generally\u00a0benthic and sediment-dwelling, but can temporarily become abundant throughout the shallow water column. The optimum conditions are at temperature of 18\u201323\u00b0C, and salinity of 15\u201335 ppt. It can encyst under high salinity and long daylight.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n
\nDistribution and Occurrence<\/strong><\/p>\nA. carterae <\/span><\/i>is a cosmopolitan species, and can be commonly found in intertidal, coastal, and estuarine waters, especially in association with sandy beaches and brown seaweeds. In this study, <\/span>A. carterae<\/span><\/i> was observed in ponds PGD-1 and OMWM-1 in January, February, and July.<\/span><\/p>\n
\nReferences
\n<\/strong><\/p>\nMurray, S. A., G. S. Kohli, H. Farrell, Z. B. Spiers, A. R. Place, J. J. Dorantes-Aranda, and J. Ruszczyk. 2015. A fish kill associated with a bloom of <\/span>Amphidinium carterae <\/span><\/i>in a coastal lagoon in Sydney, Australia. Harmful Algae 49: 19\u201328. doi:10.1016\/j.hal.2015.08.003<\/span><\/p>\nLassus P.; <\/span>\u00a0N. <\/span>Chom\u00e9rat, <\/span>P. <\/span>Hess, <\/span>E. <\/span>N\u00e9zan. 2016. Toxic and Harmful Microalgae of the World Ocean \/ Micro-algues toxiques et nuisibles de l\u2019ocean mondial. Denmark, International Society for the Study of Harmful Algae \/ Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO. IOC Manuals and Guides, 68. (Bilingual English\/French)<\/span><\/p>\nYang, X., Z. Yan, J. Chen, D. Wang, and K. Li. 2023. Acute Toxicity of the Dinoflagellate <\/span>Amphidinium carterae<\/span><\/i> on Early Life Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Toxics 11: 370. doi:10.3390\/toxics11040370<\/span><\/p>\n
\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
[vc_row][vc_column][vc_empty_space][breadcrumb-shortcode][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1728779585339{border-bottom-width: 4px !important;border-bottom-style: solid !important;border-color: #5b9bd5 !important;}”] Detected Species [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”1\/4″ el_class=”sticky-top”][vc_column_text css=””] HAB Species Diatoms Cylindrotheca closterium Pseudo-nitzschia Dinoflagellates Prorocentrum lima Amphidinium carterae Gymnodinium aureolum (Karlodinium sp) Levanderina fissa (syn. Gymnodinium uncatenum) Kryptoperidinium foliaceum Cyanobacteria Planktothrix agardhii Lyngbya aestuarii Geitlerinema splendidum Raphidophytes Chattonella subsalsa Haptophytes Prymnesium parvum Non-toxic Species Diatoms Haslea ostrearia Dinoflagellates […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":147,"featured_media":0,"parent":2683,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3097","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/deptest.nj.gov\/dsr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3097","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/deptest.nj.gov\/dsr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/deptest.nj.gov\/dsr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/deptest.nj.gov\/dsr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/147"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/deptest.nj.gov\/dsr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3097"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/deptest.nj.gov\/dsr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3097\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/deptest.nj.gov\/dsr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2683"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/deptest.nj.gov\/dsr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3097"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}