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[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=””]Mihaela D. Enache<\/b>, Ph.D., Project Manager & Co-PI, Research Scientist I, Division of Science and Research, NJDEP <\/span>(mihaela.enache@deptest.nj.gov<\/a>)<\/span><\/p>\n Ling Ren<\/b>, Ph.D., PI, Research Assistant Professor, College of Science, George Mason University <\/span>(<\/span>lren2@gmu.edu<\/span><\/a>)<\/span>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column width=”3\/4″][vc_column_text css=”.vc_custom_1732301906816{border-bottom-width: 4px !important;border-bottom-style: solid !important;border-color: #5b9bd5 !important;}”]<\/p>\n [\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”2\/3″][vc_gallery type=”image_grid” images=”3221,3220,3219″ css=””][vc_video link=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/qMYdOxVjiV8″ align=”center”][vc_video link=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/bkIliEKNNjs” align=”center”][vc_video link=”https:\/\/youtu.be\/o-GoaebOsmo” align=”center”][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1\/3″][vc_column_text css=””]Morphology<\/strong><\/p>\n Unicellular, cells possess two (2) smooth flagella, equal in length, and a haptonema; appear in irregular shape under light microscope (LM).\u00a0 Cell dimension: 8 to 16 \u03bcm in length and 4 to 10 \u03bcm in width. Cells contain two golden-brown chloroplasts and abundant fucoxanthin. <\/span><\/p>\n Toxins and toxicity<\/strong><\/p>\n Produce variety of prymnesins, reported to have ichthyotoxic, neurotoxic, hemolytic, and cytotoxic properties. The toxins can cause death of gill-breathing organisms such as fish, mussels, and larval amphibians, by destroying the selective permeability of gills (Roelke & Manning, 2018; Wagstaff et al., 2021).<\/span><\/p>\n Ecology<\/strong><\/p>\n Photosynthetic, but a strong mixotroph. They are able to \u201ckill and eat\u201d many of their competitors and predators, which in turn enables near-monospecific blooms. Cell production is stimulated by inorganic nutrient enrichment. In contrast, nitrogen or phosphorus limitation can enhance toxin production and\/or release. Blooms usually develop under suboptimal conditions (i.e., lower temperatures and salinities).<\/span><\/p>\n Distribution and Occurrence<\/strong><\/p>\n Cosmopolitan, tolerate salinity 1 to > 35<\/span> ppt,<\/span> and temperatures 2 to 32 \u00b0C. It was observed that the population of <\/span>P. parvum <\/span><\/i>can be decimated quickly by grazers, within 1-2 days. In this study, the species was abundant in OMWM-1 in December, and exceedingly abundant (8.5 x10<\/span>5<\/span> cells\/mL) in PGD-2 in April.<\/span><\/p>\n References Roelke, D. L., and S. R. Manning. 2018. Harmful Algal Species Fact Sheet: <\/span>Prymnesium parvum<\/span><\/i> (Carter) \u201cGolden Algae,\u201d p. 629\u2013632. In S.E. Shumway, J.M. Burkholder, and S.L. Morton [eds.], Harmful Algal Blooms. Wiley. doi:10.1002\/9781118994672.ch16q<\/a><\/span><\/p>\nPrymnesium parvum<\/i>\u00a0aka<\/i> \u2018golden alga\u2019<\/h4>\n
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